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This timely and unique book explores the concept of colorism, which is discrimination based on the color of a person's skin, in a world where arguably light skin is privileged over dark, and one's wealth, health, and opportunities are impacted by skin color, sometimes irrespective of one's racial background.

Chapter 1 Introduction -- Chapter 2. Globalization -- chapter 3. Color Consciousness: African Descent -- Chapter 4. Color Consciousness: Asian Descent -- Chapter 5. Color Consciousness: Latino Descent -- Chapter 6. Color Consciousness: Native Descent -- Chapter 7. Color Consciousness: Women -- Chapter 8. Color Consciousness: Gay/Lesbian -- Chapter 9. Color Consciousness: Immigrants -- Chapter 10. Color Consciousness: The Bleaching Syndrome -- Chapter 11. Conclusion.

In the aftermath of the 60s "Black is Beautiful" movement and publication of The Color Complex almost thirty years later the issue of skin color has mushroomed onto the world stage of social science. Such visibility has inspired publication of the Melanin Millennium for insuring that the discourse on skin color meet the highest standards of accuracy and objective investigation. This volume addresses the issue of skin color in a worldwide context. A virtual visit to countries that have witnessed a huge rise in the use of skin whitening products and facial feature surgeries aiming for a more Caucasian-like appearance will be taken into account. The book also addresses the question of whether using the laws has helped to redress injustices of skin color discrimination, or only further promoted recognition of its divisiveness among people of color and Whites. The Melanin Millennium has to do with now and the future. In the 20th century science including eugenics was given to and dominated by discussions of race category. Heretofore there remain social scientists and other relative to the issue of skin color loyal to race discourse. However in their interpretation and analysis of social phenomena the world has moved on. Thus while race dominated the 20th century the 21st century will emerge as a global community dominated by skin color and making it the melanin millennium.

Racism in America is most-commonly studied as white racism against minority groups (racial, gender, cultural). Often overlooked in this area of study is the discrimination that exists within minority groups. Through a detailed historical and sociological analysis, the author breaks down these pernicious, complex, and often misunderstood forms of skin color discrimination: their origins and their manifestations in modern world. Shedding new light on these sensitive issues, this volume will allow them to come to the forefront of academic research and open dialogue. This comprehensive work will include coverage of skin color discrimination within racial, ethnic, sexual, and gender minority groups, and their particular forms and consequences. An Historical Analysis of Skin Color will be an important work for researchers studying the Sociology of Race and Racism, Gender Studies, LGBT Studies, Immigration, or Social Work. TOC:I Introduction. II Colonization as Origin of Western Discrimination. III Racism: The Original "ism" of American Discrimination. IV African-Americans. V Asian-Americans. VI Latino-Americans. VII Native-Americans. VIII Biracial-Americans. IX G/L-Americans. X Women. XI Immigrants. XII Conclusion.

In the post-Civil Rights era, there is a temptation to assume that racism is no longer the pressing social concern in the United States that it once was. The contributors show that racism has not fallen from the forefront of American society, but is manifest in a different way. According to the authors in this volume, in 21st century, skin color has come to replace race as an important cause of discrimination. This is evidenced in the increasing usage of the term "people of color" to encompass people of a variety of racial and ethnic backgrounds. The editor has compiled a diverse group of contributors to examine racism from an interdisciplinary perspective. Contributions range from the science of racism, from its perceived biological basis at the end of the 19th century, to sociological studies its new forms in the 21st century. The result is a work that will be invaluable to understanding the challenges of confronting Racism in the 21st Century.

Social work practitioners confront formidable challenges from non-white clientele. These challenges require theoretical constructs to improve services, which include: (1) cultural singularity; (2) double consciousness; (3) the dual perspective; (4) the bleaching syndrome; and (5) honorary white people. Cultural singularity pertains to white practitioners whose native culture is standard. Double consciousness pertains to dual cultures. The dual perspective is a social work account of double consciousness. The bleaching syndrome is manifested in the honorary white person. In order to enhance assimilation and reduce singularity, social workers must acknowledge non-white cultural traditions that have assets, capacities, and strengths that should be valued. Subsequently, the integrity and prestige of social work will be sustained.

Abstract
Social work practice is a constantly evolving, evidence-based profession. As an explanation of client 'presenting problems', social work practice incorporates Q sort via Rogers' client-centred/humanism. Q sort is a mathematical tool that enables an incremental step by the profession at-large towards scientific exactness. Absent Q sort, as a mathematical tool of social work practice, well-respected critics have commenced to denigrate social work as a semi-profession in the absence of a scientific methodology. Any challenge to the accusations of social work being a semi-profession may be enabled by Q sort exactness per the introduction of its technical expertise into the social work practice methodology. Exactness is enabled by the construction of a Q sort mathematical equation. Extending from this, Hall's Q sort mathematical equation is original in the field of social work. Its scientific exactness moves the profession ever so slightly forward where accusations of being a semi-profession by critics may be overcome and eventually cease to exist.

Abstract
Inspired by Queen Elizabeth I's Poor Laws, Jane Addams espoused the rhetoric of social justice. Addams is an example of social reform between 1890 and 1930s as tied to eugenics, which is also evident in disagreements between Addams and Ida B. Wells. Despite the contributions of white women to social work, their subtle transgressions exist behind the veil of a feminist façade. It operates as a culture of ideas, and ultimately a prescribed assortment of race-based behaviours. Leading white women such as Addams dedicated their careers aloof to the subjugation of non-white issues that Ida B. Wells challenged via lynching. After constant prodding from Wells, Addams emerged from her silence to oppose lynching. Wells responded to Addams' discourse that she viewed as passive white rhetoric. According to contemporary descriptive data, white women/students are similarly aloof to non-white issues provoking womanism in response to feminism's Women's Ku Klux Klan. Ultimately, in the rescue of social justice, white women activists, including Social Work students, must denounce the feminist façade that social justice rhetoric and social justice activism coalesce for all oppressed populations.

Scholarly and lay literature pertaining to the criminal prosecution of black males are in contrast with white males. White male defendants are met by a system of judicial leniency. Conversely, the false convictions of the Central Park Five are met by judicial hostility. Considering the auspices of such hegemony, law enforcement, journalism, and the society at-large, are dominated by the concept of race as conduit of criminal prosecution. Evidence exists to substantiate race as implicit factor in guilt or innocence. Therefore, the solution to false convictions such as the Central Park Five must address race in the demonization of black defendants at every level. Moreover, "race" as a deceptive quantification of human category must be eliminated entirely from the treatise of criminal prosecution. "When they see us" will then be no more or less nefarious to the judicial process "than when we see them."